CONDUIT

CONDUIT4 is a Fortran code for computing the one-dimensional, steady, isothermal, multiphase and multicomponent flow of magma in volcanic conduits. The code solves the compressible mass balance and momentum balance equations separately for a gas phase and a dense phase constituted by liquid+crystals (below fragmentation), or by pyroclasts (above fragmentation). A user-defined fragmentation efficiency parameter describes the relative amounts of non-vesicular ash, vesicular pumice, and free crystals generated at fragmentation; while another user-defined parameter describes pumice degassing disequilibrium. The model takes either choked flow or atmospheric pressure conditions at the conduit exit, with the alternative being part of the solution thus depending on the selected conditions. The numerical algorithm searches for such an exit condition by adapting the mass flow-rate to the selected conduit diameter. Thermodynamic equilibrium phase between the gas (H2O+CO2) and the silicate melt is calculated through the SOLWCAD model (Papale et al., 2006, [Chemical Geology, 229(1-3), 78-95]), implemented within CONDUIT4. Magma fragmentation is determined based on Maxwell's theory for visco-elastic materials, as described in Papale (1999) [Nature, 397(6718), 425-428]. The viscosity of the liquid is calculated according to Giordano et al. (2008) [Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 271.1-4: 123-134], and the effect of crystals on viscosity is based on the model of Costa et al. (2009) [Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10(3)]. The transport and constitutive equations, as well as the numerical approach, are detailed in Papale (2001) [Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B6), 11043-11065].

Fortran code conduit flow

Inputs
Id Title Data Type Description
melt_composition Melt composition object Melt oxides
volatiles Volatile composition object Volatile oxides
crystals Crystals object Crystals
fragmentation Fragmentation object Fragmentation parameters
pressure_temperature Pressure and temperature object Pressure and temperature
geometry Geometry object Geometry of the conduit
searching_mode Searching mode object Searching for mass flow rate or diameter
Outputs
Id Title Description
gas Plot gas volume fraction Profile of gas volume fraction along the conduit.
velocity Plot Velocity Velocity profiles of liquid and gas along the conduit.
pressure Plot Pressure Pressure profile along the conduit.
outfile Table of output variables Dependent variables and physical properties along the conduit.Columns:1) conduit length [m];2) gas in pumice [volume %];3) gas before fragmentation [volume %];4) gas velocity [m/s];5) liquid velocity [m/s];6) pressure [MPa];7) dissolved H2O [mass...
exit Conditions at the conduit exit Density, velocity, pressure and mass/volumetric flow rate at the conduit exit

Execution modes

  • Synchronous
  • Asynchronous

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